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Have one welcome back in this lesson we're going to talk about one of the most fundamental aspects of

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any programming language and that is a use of collections of collections such as arrays or sets or dictionaries.

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They help us put objects of the same nature or different type into a container.

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Now why would we need to do that.

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We would need to put objects of the same type in an array so that we can have an order between them.

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Imagine you want to have the days of the week as store somber as opposed to saying we want to string

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for Monday that a string for Tuesday resting thing for Wednesday.

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So on and so forth I could put all of them into one object only and then go to the other and find the

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ones that I need.

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So let's jump in to exclude And let's get started.

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So we get a better understanding of how it works when I go through ex-cult in here I'm going to start

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a new project me close that one first and then I start your project my voice command line tool is called

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arrays sex.

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Scott It doesn't matter what you call it anxiety.

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So just go ahead and start our very first array.

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As always I'm going to clear this thought I'm going to get myself is better for my thing.

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So the first thing I want to do is I want to declare an array.

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I'm going to say and this array it is called are days array and that is declaring an array.

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Now the next thing I have to do is and this is quite important.

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I have to both allocate and initialize an array.

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And this is a topic we haven't really seen much in the past and we will talk about it much much more

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details in the future.

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So the next thing is allocation and initialization which is done like this.

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Désirée is A.R.T. allocate and initialized with some objects without those objects were the only objects

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that they want to put in my array.

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Well one of them is Monday.

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The other one is Tuesday and then the next one is Wednesday Wednesday.

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And let's say I only needed for four days of the week and whenever you put in the middle that means

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this is the end of every simply because arrays don't have a limit.

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You can put as many objects as you want into them.

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And when we are initializing them we need a way of saying well this is the end of the entry.

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So I put that on a very common practice is the stacking your objects like this.

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So I'm going to say that that kind of you know you can see all of them together.

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Now let's see what we have done.

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We have declared an array and we are located then initialize the lock and initialized with these objects.

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That's essentially like doing it definition of it.

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So we had a declaration and we have that definition and now we have an array with all the objects.

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Let's see what's that order.

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So the very first object it is not what we call index 0.

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Then the next object is that index 1 and you can imagine as we go along this will become index.

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This will become index 3 so on and so forth.

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So we have so many many objects in our array and they are all or that which is quite an important aspect

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of an array being ordered.

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So how did we get access to these objects.

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Let's go ahead and say I wanted preens the element that is indexed too.

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So I'm going to say and it's like perience or whatever you find.

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Or let's say object not in the next two years is just like what I've done before.

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And here I'm going to say désirée object at index 2 for instance.

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So this line will now print the object that index to is a space and then if you look for any object

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that it finds in here.

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So in here we're going to run this.

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Right we're going to say days are a find object that likes to run it and see what we get if we get Wednesday

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it means everything we've done has worked properly.

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It's like this object of next to is Wednesday.

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Now the next question is how will I know how many objects are in my array.

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I could do something like that.

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I could say and like anyway as I'm going to stay there.

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All right.

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And then because that integer objects in my array obviously now and the slug is expecting us to feed

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it some sort of an integer value and that integer value is a day's array that count.

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So that's essentially going to return the count of the array for us.

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We do get a warning in here and that's primarily because days that Chowhound is not of the type integer.

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Let's have a look at it.

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Count.

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It is actually and this unsigned integer.

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So to do to properly format that I could actually say l you.

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So instead of printing integer go on preens l you for us if you don't remember this you can obviously

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refer to that Apple document that we had a few lessons ago.

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And also you could actually rely on ex-coach to fix it for you.

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So in this case I would just go to this morning and it says well it's an unsigned long so fix it and

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it says well you have to make it l you.

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And that's pretty much does the work for us.

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Now I'm going to go ahead and fix it manually again because I don't want to force it over there and

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let's print this let's see what we get.

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And now it says object that index 2 is a state.

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Obviously one thing hasn't changed.

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There are four objects in my array.

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0 1 2 3.

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Those are the indexes on 1 2 3 4.

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Those are the numbers of them.

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Now the next question that happens is what if I wanted to add the Friday here.

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Is there a way for me to add another day to the day's array.

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And as you can imagine the answer is No.

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Simply because we're using an innocent array.

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If you remember from our analysis string lesson if you want to be able to modify your values they have

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to become mutable.

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So go ahead and do that when I go in here and say instead of this array and this mutable array obviously

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if it isn't in it's mutable.

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That's my initialization.

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It has to be code in this mutable array as well.

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And now I have eight days or eight which is in this immutable array and it has Monday Tuesday Wednesday

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Thursday and I'm printing the counterfit and then I'm saying days array and objects and I'm going to

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add Friday and what the object does.

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It goes to the end of the array and adds one more object to it.

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And if the prince the counterfeits.

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Now I'm going to print it here one more time.

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You will see that at the beginning there are four objects in my array that is here when we are the Friday.

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I can't see that there are five objects in my area.

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Now to be printed the Wednesday this is using the object that index method.

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I want to quickly talk about the use of these methods on the dots you know operation and everything

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in here even though we have a lesson for methods and functions it kind of helps us understand why we

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are doing some of the things that we are doing.

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So things such as an array or mutable array they have a built in method called object that index.

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It means you use a square bracket the name of your object the name of your array and then you say object

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that index and you feel that the index that you want gets back to you.

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So what is this one.

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What are we using at DOT operation.

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We will see this in more detail when we talk about classes and objects but some methods such as count

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they can be used both ways.

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They can be used.

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A dot count or they can be used as this day's array chart that is essentially called a dot operation.

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This is called the method calling in here and I'm calling a method called count which returns the count

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of an array in here and using a dot operation which accesses the property count of the houri.

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They mostly exactly the same thing and we get the same result.

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Not exactly the same result but we get the same return essentially.

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There's also a much easier way for getting the different elements from the array.

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So let's say you want to print the object that is at the end of my array.

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So I'm going to go ahead and say and Aslaug in the end.

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I'm going to say the last object is and it's going to be something.

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What is that thing that thing is going to be days array object that index number right count now or

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not.

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So again you get my space is array does count.

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Now here's the thing.

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If you can imagine this are how it would work you should expect this application to crash.

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And I will show you why and we'll run the application and it's going to crash and the crash report says

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in the X5 beyond bounds 0 2 4.

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So it's saying you're trying to access an element that doesn't exist.

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But how is that possible.

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I'm looking at the count.

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The thing is currently we have 0 1 2 and 3 indexes.

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So the last index that we can use is 3 even though our count is 4 after we have the Friday.

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This is going to be 0 1 2 3 and 4.

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So the indexes are 0 to 4 while the count is 5 essentially in here.

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I'm saying désirée object that index 5 which simply doesn't exist is saying you only have indexes zero

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to 4.

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So if I want to find the last object I can say count minus 1.

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And that's always the last object of an array.

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And now it's as last object is Friday.

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There is also an easier way for writing this.

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I'm going to rewrite it again.

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This is called using a subscript in a subscript.

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We do this we say désirée and then we open brackets and we say say four.

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So it will print the elements number four for us.

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Of course this is a little bit different than this one because in this one we are doing it statically

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we we're always looking at number four.

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But here we are doing it dynamically and you're looking at the count minus one which happens to be four.

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In this example but not always.

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So if I want to I could actually grab this and put it there.

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And if you want to be very specific and with much further you know practice you could actually do something

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like this.

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You could say in the last index his days array dot count minus 1.

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So that is the last index.

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This is the one that I want to see.

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Days are the last index.

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So let's print the.

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So we got Friday again and again we got the same warming's saying that this guy is actually an unsigned

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long while this guy is going to be an integer and you can let X gotta fix it for you if you want you

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can force fix it yourself.

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To force ourselves the thing you have to do is you have to come to your count and you have to say I'm

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going to cast it into an integer.

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Again don't worry about this exactly.

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We'll talk more about casting in the future.

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But casting essentially means taking one type of event and forcing it into another one.

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So because these are that count wasn't the type that we expect that.

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I said take it and convert it into an integer and put it into my integer of course.

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Casting is a little bit of a risky process because you have to be sure the objects that can be converted

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to each other.

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For instance I know an unsigned integer can't simply be or sorry an unsigned long can be converted 20

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integer but that's not the case between let's say an integer and a string.

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So once the time comes we'll talk more about the casting and how we have to be certain about what we

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are trying to combat.

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So the next thing you want to talk about are sets and what's the difference between a set and an array.

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Let's jump into Apple's own documentation on in here.

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There is a picture that explains that for get the picture in the middle part.

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And these are eight years or third set of objects that is 0 1 2 2 for ABC and a set is an on or that

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set of objects a easy g b c something to keep in mind is that because in a sense or not or that you

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cannot have the same object happened twice.

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So all objects must be unique but in an array they don't have to be unique.

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Now let's go back to school.

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Let's quickly try that.

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So in here I could actually have two copies of Wednesday.

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You know it would be perfectly fine.

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You might have a situation that your OP is dealing with.

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I don't know a certain number of users on the same user happens to be twice maybe the same user has

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commented twice.

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And that's why there is two copies of it there.

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So in an array that's perfectly fine because they're all there and this means they would get indexed

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too.

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Well this one would get indexed 3.

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However when you deal with sets and this is how you do a set and I said to my set is an asset.

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And in it the objects and the objects say Sunday and only say Monday for now.

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There's only two of them.

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And in this they actually have to be you have to be unique simply because there's no order between them.

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And now why isn't that an order between them because when there is no or there disparity between them

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which is hashing between them happens a lot faster.

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So in principle if you have an if you have an array or if you have a collection of objects that the

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order between them doesn't matter you can rely on sets if the order between them does not.

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Then you have to use arrays for the most part.

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We end up using arrays simply because the order matters to us from time to time.

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We end up using things such as set which all that doesn't matter and the objects are unique.

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Now you might be wondering if there is no or there how can I access different objects from set.

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I can not do things such as my set objects that index something because that order doesn't exist and

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that is true and I'm going to show you something that is coming up in a few lessons.

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So don't worry overly If you don't completely follow me.

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But here is how you do search within the set to find something.

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So in a set we say for and it's a string.

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Any in my set and then I'm going to say if any is equally strange and let's say I'm looking for Friday

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I'm trying to find out if an object as unique as Friday exists and I'm going to say and it's like there

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is a Friday or something to that effect.

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Now don't worry about this format in particular.

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This is a for loop which is a method of control flow and we'll talk about that in a few lessons in fact

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in this I'm going to say find all objects of the type in a string within this array within the set.

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So in my set go through them one other time this on and on and whatever is there if any of them is equal

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to the value of Friday.

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Then tell me that there is friday or do something with that phrase so on and so forth you will see a

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lot more of this when we talk about the for loops on control.

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In a few lessons.

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But for now just keep in mind that if there are sets it means the objects are unique.

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And also it means there is no order between them.

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So finally before I close this first and there is two more things that they should talk about.

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One of them is objects in an array.

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Don't have to necessarily be of the same nature even though we usually try to do that.

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But you could have an array such as this.

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And as I train my combined array and that is going to be an array lock in object.

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And one of my objects is a string.

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And then I have another object that let me put all the brackets so I know there are no arrows going

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up.

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And then I have another object.

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And this object is going to be R and this number number of its integer say 8.

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Don't worry about what an innocent number is.

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What does matter is that this is now a string.

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This one is not this thing is a different type of number different type of file.

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And that's perfectly fine.

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You can have it another array and sometimes it happens when you're reading values from networks or whatnot

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but when you're doing things on our own we try to maintain same type of value within an array.

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Finally there is another way of writing arrays which is essentially C Vai and all the array of writing

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arrays that doesn't offer us a lot of things that we could do it in this race or in it's notable arrays

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or in a set.

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But from time to time it's useful.

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And here is how we do it.

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I say it's my end just like how we have been defining and declaring integers but then we put two brackets

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in front of it and we say for instance 5.

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It means I want to have an array of integers with five elements.

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You have to decide about the number of items in it to right away right at the declaration time.

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When I say that is going to be one two three four and five.

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So I have an array now with five elements in it.

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Those are integers and the integers are these guys obviously in a situation like this.

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I can't change one of them to be string.

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I can't have something like this because then is going to give me an error saying well you said everything

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in here is going to be an integer.

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How come you're trying to force a string into it.

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So that's something to keep in mind.

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And also that you have to declare and define the number of objects in the array right at the very beginning

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which kind of limits what you are trying to do.

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But sometimes it might actually be useful.

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So that the writing is very good.

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We talk about arrays.

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We talked about mutable things we thought about how to get objects that indexes we talked about subscript

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mod to get access to objects.

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We talked about getting the count of finery.

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We talked about adding objects into an array.

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Something you probably didn't talk about is removing an object and that's actually quite simple you

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can say these array remove objects.

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We can either say remove this a specific object say or remove object Friday which is going to remove

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all instances of that.

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Or you could say désirée remove object at index if you know where you want to remove.

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I want to remove the object that is in the first ID.

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It is zero indexing zero.

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So that's another thing.

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And finally we talked about casting some of stuff we made a set we talked about hope for finding objects

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in a set.

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You have to iterate through them using a for loop or a similar.

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And at the end we spoke about having arrays with different types of Firebirds or values inside them

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and a C way of making array which is an all the way with that in mind.

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Let's move on to our next lesson.