1 00:00:08,910 --> 00:00:14,520 The second step consists of setting the seventh bit of the 64 bit address. 2 00:00:14,910 --> 00:00:21,360 This bit identifies the 48 bit MAC addresses uniqueness or lack thereof. 3 00:00:21,630 --> 00:00:24,300 An Ethernet address has two significances. 4 00:00:24,540 --> 00:00:28,110 It's either globally managed or locally managed. 5 00:00:28,410 --> 00:00:31,920 Globally managed means that you use the Vendor Mac address. 6 00:00:32,250 --> 00:00:36,690 Locally managed means that you rewrite the MAC address with your own value. 7 00:00:36,720 --> 00:00:41,130 In other words, you change the MAC address to a locally significant value. 8 00:00:41,370 --> 00:00:48,420 So that seventh bit or the UL bit is set to either one, which means the address is unique or set to 9 00:00:48,420 --> 00:00:51,450 zero, meaning the address is not unique. 10 00:00:51,810 --> 00:00:56,040 Now in this example, let's assume that we are using a vendor Mac address. 11 00:00:56,340 --> 00:00:59,310 So in other words, this bit gets set to one. 12 00:00:59,610 --> 00:01:06,510 If you have a binary value of six zeros, followed by a one followed by zero, converting that back 13 00:01:06,510 --> 00:01:09,690 to hexadecimal will give you a value of zero two. 14 00:01:10,020 --> 00:01:17,160 So just to reiterate, you have a hexadecimal value of zero zero that's converted into binary. 15 00:01:17,340 --> 00:01:23,460 The seventh binary bit is either set to one or zero, depending whether it's globally unique or not 16 00:01:23,460 --> 00:01:27,210 globally unique that is then converted back to hexadecimal. 17 00:01:28,400 --> 00:01:35,630 So once again, our IPV six aggregate global unicast address is 128 bits in length. 18 00:01:36,140 --> 00:01:41,390 Half of the address is the network prefix, which is 64 bits and half of the addresses. 19 00:01:41,390 --> 00:01:43,910 The interface identifier, which is 64 bits. 20 00:01:44,830 --> 00:01:48,760 The network prefix is broken up into two major parts. 21 00:01:48,970 --> 00:01:53,860 You have the global routing prefix, which is used for the public topology. 22 00:01:53,860 --> 00:01:59,680 In other words, the internet and the subnet ID, which is used for the site topology. 23 00:01:59,830 --> 00:02:06,670 In other words, the subnet portion of the address would be used to create subnets within an enterprise 24 00:02:06,670 --> 00:02:10,360 or within an organization or within a site. 25 00:02:10,630 --> 00:02:12,490 It's 16 bits in length. 26 00:02:12,760 --> 00:02:21,010 That means that a service provider will give you a slash 48 subnet for every site or organization that 27 00:02:21,010 --> 00:02:21,790 you manage. 28 00:02:22,300 --> 00:02:30,400 That gives you 16 bits for subnets, which allows you to create 65,536 subnets within your organization 29 00:02:30,520 --> 00:02:33,940 from one subnet given to you by the service provider. 30 00:02:34,180 --> 00:02:39,970 You would continue using a slash 64 mask on every link, no matter whether it's a point to point link 31 00:02:39,970 --> 00:02:41,590 or an Ethernet subnet. 32 00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:46,000 The service provider network consists of a slash 48 network. 33 00:02:46,210 --> 00:02:49,960 Your internal networks consist of slash 64 subnets. 34 00:02:50,170 --> 00:02:53,770 So once again, the ISP will allocate you a slash 48 subnet. 35 00:02:54,100 --> 00:02:57,640 You will allocate a slash 64 subnet to each interface. 36 00:02:57,970 --> 00:03:06,370 Once again, no need to do complicated sub all your subnets or slash 60 fours from the slash 48 that 37 00:03:06,370 --> 00:03:08,740 you were allocated by your service provider. 38 00:03:08,860 --> 00:03:13,960 Remember, there is no net all internal addresses within your organization. 39 00:03:14,080 --> 00:03:21,730 By using these IPV six aggregate global unicast addresses, which are the equivalent of public IP addresses 40 00:03:21,730 --> 00:03:23,500 within IP version four. 41 00:03:24,740 --> 00:03:28,820 The IP version six address is actually broken up into more fields. 42 00:03:28,910 --> 00:03:33,920 I wouldn't worry too much about this, but I just want to show you the actual format for this aggregated 43 00:03:34,070 --> 00:03:35,600 global unicast address. 44 00:03:35,930 --> 00:03:39,980 You firstly have the interface identifier, which is 64 bits in length. 45 00:03:40,430 --> 00:03:46,100 I've explained that that identifies the equivalent of the host portion in an IP version for address. 46 00:03:46,430 --> 00:03:52,100 The next part is the SLA, ID or site level aggregation identifier. 47 00:03:52,610 --> 00:03:58,100 This is like your subnet identifier, which represents subnets within an organization. 48 00:03:58,520 --> 00:04:05,450 It's 16 bits in length, giving you over 65,000 subnets to use within a site or an organization. 49 00:04:05,990 --> 00:04:12,650 Then you have the MNLA ID, which is the next level aggregation identifier and this would be used by 50 00:04:12,650 --> 00:04:13,730 your ISPs. 51 00:04:14,270 --> 00:04:21,050 There are eight reserved bits which are not currently used and then you have the TLA ID, which is the 52 00:04:21,050 --> 00:04:27,560 top level aggregation identifier used by various regional internet registries around the world. 53 00:04:27,950 --> 00:04:35,000 The internet registries will then assign TLA IDs to large ISPs, specifically transit providers and 54 00:04:35,000 --> 00:04:35,930 exchanges. 55 00:04:36,410 --> 00:04:40,550 And then lastly, we have the format prefix, which is set to 001. 56 00:04:41,460 --> 00:04:48,360 Once again, this portion of the address is the public topology, and we're not particularly concerned 57 00:04:48,360 --> 00:04:48,900 with that. 58 00:04:48,900 --> 00:04:56,760 In this course within enterprises or sites, we would have the subnet ID, which is used for site topology, 59 00:04:56,760 --> 00:05:03,030 and then once again the interface ID, which is used as the host portion of an IPV six address. 60 00:05:03,360 --> 00:05:07,740 The advantage of this IPV six address layout is aggregation. 61 00:05:07,980 --> 00:05:13,380 It allows for aggregation or summarization of addresses within the global internet. 62 00:05:13,710 --> 00:05:19,410 Just be aware as well that every IPV six interface contains at least one loopback address, which is 63 00:05:19,410 --> 00:05:21,960 colon colon 1/1 28. 64 00:05:22,140 --> 00:05:27,390 Optionally, interfaces might include multiple, unique local and global addresses. 65 00:05:27,630 --> 00:05:29,340 This is an important concept. 66 00:05:29,610 --> 00:05:36,780 In IP version four on a Cisco router, you can only allocate a single IP address as the primary IP address 67 00:05:36,780 --> 00:05:37,860 on that interface. 68 00:05:37,980 --> 00:05:42,180 All subsequent IP addresses are configured as secondary IP addresses. 69 00:05:42,210 --> 00:05:48,120 However, in IP version six, you can configure multiple primary IP addresses on an interface. 70 00:05:48,690 --> 00:05:51,720 So that's quite a major change from IP version four. 71 00:05:51,930 --> 00:05:53,100 I'll show you in a moment. 72 00:05:53,100 --> 00:05:59,460 When you enable IPV six, when a Cisco routers interface, multiple IP addresses are automatically allocated 73 00:05:59,460 --> 00:06:00,720 to that interface. 74 00:06:00,840 --> 00:06:06,690 And once again, the whole reason for this address layout is aggregation and summarization. 75 00:06:07,750 --> 00:06:09,730 So let's look at global aggregation. 76 00:06:09,850 --> 00:06:13,810 An Internet registry will have, for instance, a slash 16 address. 77 00:06:14,050 --> 00:06:22,990 So 2001 colon, colon slash 16, a slash 32 subnet is allocated to an ISP. 78 00:06:22,990 --> 00:06:29,350 So in this example, 2001 colon, one, two, three, four colon, colon slash 32 is allocated, let's 79 00:06:29,350 --> 00:06:31,300 say, for instance, to this ISP. 80 00:06:32,330 --> 00:06:38,450 The service provider can then allocate a slash 48 subnet to an organization or enterprise. 81 00:06:38,480 --> 00:06:44,510 So in this example, let's assume that 2001 colon one, two, three for colon, one colon, colon slash 82 00:06:44,510 --> 00:06:54,170 48 is allocated to customer A that customer can then subnet the slash 48 to slash 64 subnets and allocate 83 00:06:54,170 --> 00:06:58,100 those subnets to every interface within the organization. 84 00:06:58,130 --> 00:07:04,850 So notice year 2001, one, two, three, four, Colon one, which is a slash 48 subnet, the enterprise 85 00:07:04,850 --> 00:07:10,310 was allocated is subnet ID again to colon to colon colon. 86 00:07:10,520 --> 00:07:14,450 In other words, a slash 64 subnet is allocated to this interface. 87 00:07:14,450 --> 00:07:19,490 And then notice over here three is allocated to this interface or link. 88 00:07:19,670 --> 00:07:25,670 Just to help you once again with these addresses, remember these values on hexadecimal, a single value 89 00:07:25,670 --> 00:07:29,060 in hex equates to for binary bits. 90 00:07:29,210 --> 00:07:37,100 So we have one, two, three, four hexadecimal values here for hex values times four gives you 16 binary 91 00:07:37,100 --> 00:07:37,760 bits. 92 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:42,020 So this is actually a 16 bit address, hence slash 16. 93 00:07:42,290 --> 00:07:47,210 By the same token here, remember, this is 16 and this is 16. 94 00:07:47,210 --> 00:07:50,990 So the values between the colons are 16 bit values. 95 00:07:50,990 --> 00:07:55,070 So 16 plus 16 gives you 32, so hence slash 32. 96 00:07:55,400 --> 00:07:58,730 Once again, here we have another value between colons. 97 00:07:58,730 --> 00:08:01,720 So it's 16, 16 and 16. 98 00:08:01,730 --> 00:08:05,300 Remember, leading zeros can be dropped in an address. 99 00:08:05,450 --> 00:08:09,050 So that gives you 48 bits, hence slash 48. 100 00:08:09,200 --> 00:08:17,450 And lastly, this address there is one, two, three, four values between colons leading zeros have 101 00:08:17,450 --> 00:08:18,350 been dropped. 102 00:08:18,350 --> 00:08:22,490 So that's four times 16 giving you slash 64. 103 00:08:23,030 --> 00:08:26,090 I hope that helps you decipher the address a little easier. 104 00:08:26,450 --> 00:08:32,480 Please note on these subnets we have not displayed the host portion of the address. 105 00:08:33,760 --> 00:08:37,720 Now, without further ado, let's set up a basic IP version six network. 106 00:08:37,750 --> 00:08:41,350 In this example, I have router one and router two. 107 00:08:41,590 --> 00:08:44,350 Both routers have a fast Ethernet interface. 108 00:08:44,350 --> 00:08:48,880 Rather, one's network on the first Ethernet interface is going to be 2001 colon. 109 00:08:48,880 --> 00:08:55,480 One colon, one colon, one router two's FOSS Ethernet subnet is going to be 2001 colon one colon one 110 00:08:55,480 --> 00:08:56,410 colon three. 111 00:08:57,070 --> 00:09:02,890 The routers are connected by a serial link and the subnet here is going to be 2001 colon, one colon, 112 00:09:02,890 --> 00:09:04,060 one colon, two. 113 00:09:04,570 --> 00:09:09,700 Notice once again, the subnet mask is always slash 64 on all subnets. 114 00:09:10,580 --> 00:09:10,880 Okay. 115 00:09:10,880 --> 00:09:15,320 So on router one, I'm going to break out of the initial configuration dialog. 116 00:09:20,080 --> 00:09:23,650 Go into global config mode and give the router a name. 117 00:09:24,600 --> 00:09:27,450 And then I'm going to enable IPV six. 118 00:09:28,350 --> 00:09:30,300 Uni costs routing. 119 00:09:32,150 --> 00:09:34,460 So that we can run IPV six on this router. 120 00:09:34,850 --> 00:09:38,780 And then I'm going to go on to f00, the first Ethernet interface. 121 00:09:39,600 --> 00:09:40,690 And give it an address. 122 00:09:40,690 --> 00:09:47,700 So IPV six And notice there are a lot of options here, but I'm going to specify address and then I'm 123 00:09:47,700 --> 00:09:50,970 going to specify an IPV six address. 124 00:09:50,970 --> 00:09:52,470 So 2001. 125 00:09:55,870 --> 00:10:01,900 And in this case, I'm going to give the interface and address of one. 126 00:10:02,920 --> 00:10:07,690 So it's as simple as that to configure an IP version six address on a router. 127 00:10:08,200 --> 00:10:11,790 This portion is the network portion. 128 00:10:11,800 --> 00:10:13,570 And notice we've got colon. 129 00:10:13,570 --> 00:10:14,530 Colon. 130 00:10:14,650 --> 00:10:17,440 So there are a bunch of zeros not displayed here. 131 00:10:18,310 --> 00:10:19,930 And we ending in a one. 132 00:10:21,090 --> 00:10:21,800 And then I can know. 133 00:10:21,810 --> 00:10:22,920 Shut the interface. 134 00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:25,960 And as you can see, the interface has come up. 135 00:10:25,980 --> 00:10:30,180 So now I can type do ping 2001. 136 00:10:33,470 --> 00:10:34,940 And ping the IP address. 137 00:10:34,940 --> 00:10:40,130 And as you can see, the ping is successful on the serial zero interface. 138 00:10:40,130 --> 00:10:41,420 I can do the same thing. 139 00:10:41,420 --> 00:10:42,620 IPV six. 140 00:10:43,890 --> 00:10:46,110 Address 2001. 141 00:10:51,780 --> 00:10:54,960 And on this side, I'm giving it an address of colon one. 142 00:10:55,080 --> 00:10:57,840 And on this side, I'm going to give it an address of Colon two. 143 00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:03,510 So in order to do the same thing, enable IPV six unicast routing. 144 00:11:03,810 --> 00:11:08,160 And then on f00, give it an IPV six address. 145 00:11:09,350 --> 00:11:10,730 Of 2001. 146 00:11:15,840 --> 00:11:16,050 No. 147 00:11:16,050 --> 00:11:19,080 Shut the interface and serial zero zero. 148 00:11:19,110 --> 00:11:20,310 Give it an address. 149 00:11:27,430 --> 00:11:28,900 And I shot that interface. 150 00:11:32,350 --> 00:11:36,310 So hopefully now from router to I should be able to ping router one. 151 00:11:43,800 --> 00:11:45,840 That doesn't work because I forgot to know. 152 00:11:45,870 --> 00:11:51,420 Shut the interface on the side so I'll know, shut it and go back to router two and let's see if the 153 00:11:51,420 --> 00:11:53,070 ping succeeds this time. 154 00:11:54,640 --> 00:11:58,060 The interface came up and as you can see, the ping succeeded. 155 00:11:58,360 --> 00:12:02,860 It's as simple as that to configure IP addresses on a Cisco router. 156 00:12:03,460 --> 00:12:06,430 Now on the first Ethernet interface, I could give it another IP address. 157 00:12:06,460 --> 00:12:09,520 I could say IPv6 address. 158 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:11,140 Let's just be lazy. 159 00:12:11,650 --> 00:12:14,710 Let's give it an address of 2001. 160 00:12:14,710 --> 00:12:16,870 Colon, colon one slash 64. 161 00:12:17,560 --> 00:12:19,270 And as you can see, the right is accepted. 162 00:12:19,270 --> 00:12:21,040 That address on the right. 163 00:12:21,070 --> 00:12:23,590 I could not ping 2001 colon. 164 00:12:23,590 --> 00:12:24,490 Colon one. 165 00:12:25,210 --> 00:12:27,040 And as you can see, the ping succeeds. 166 00:12:27,460 --> 00:12:33,220 If I could go back onto the interface and give it an address as follows IPV six address and let's say 167 00:12:33,250 --> 00:12:37,480 2001 colon, two colon, colon. 168 00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:40,900 Notice it gives you the option of link local address, but we don't want to do that. 169 00:12:40,900 --> 00:12:44,710 Let's go for slash 64 notice, please. 170 00:12:44,710 --> 00:12:47,800 I haven't put a host portion on this address. 171 00:12:47,800 --> 00:12:49,960 I've just specified the network portion. 172 00:12:50,470 --> 00:12:55,390 And now what I can do is I can specify UI 64 and hit enter. 173 00:12:55,660 --> 00:12:58,840 So we're going to use the MAC address as part of that address. 174 00:12:59,230 --> 00:13:05,500 So now I can type the command show run interface if zero zero to show you the configuration. 175 00:13:05,830 --> 00:13:09,970 And as you can see, there's no IP version for address configured on this interface. 176 00:13:10,240 --> 00:13:16,360 There are only IP version six addresses and they are three IP version six addresses that we have manually 177 00:13:16,360 --> 00:13:17,230 configured. 178 00:13:17,530 --> 00:13:20,740 I could then tap show interface if 0/0. 179 00:13:20,770 --> 00:13:29,920 The Mac address of this interface is c4010fe8 followed by four zeros. 180 00:13:30,070 --> 00:13:38,680 So the vendor portion of this address is c4010f and the unique portion is E eight followed by four zeros. 181 00:13:38,980 --> 00:13:46,000 So just to display that nicely, I'm going to say show interface if zero zero type include BIA. 182 00:13:46,030 --> 00:13:49,480 So it only shows that MAC address in the output. 183 00:13:49,480 --> 00:13:50,380 And there it is. 184 00:13:51,140 --> 00:13:59,330 And then I'm going to type show IPV six interface if zero zero and only include the addresses that we 185 00:13:59,330 --> 00:14:04,250 configured and they are the three IP addresses we configured on the interface. 186 00:14:04,820 --> 00:14:06,230 So notice yes, please. 187 00:14:06,740 --> 00:14:07,540 We'll start from the right. 188 00:14:07,550 --> 00:14:12,350 Inside the unique portion of the Mac address is E eight followed by four zeros. 189 00:14:12,620 --> 00:14:14,890 There it is in the IP address. 190 00:14:14,900 --> 00:14:17,330 Remember, leading zeros can be dropped. 191 00:14:17,510 --> 00:14:22,220 So this zero here represents those four zeros e eight. 192 00:14:23,110 --> 00:14:24,700 Is the eat over there. 193 00:14:25,090 --> 00:14:25,970 F f f. 194 00:14:25,990 --> 00:14:34,870 E has been inserted in the address to make it 64 bits and then notice the remaining portion is c4010f, 195 00:14:35,320 --> 00:14:40,570 which is represented here as c601f. 196 00:14:40,900 --> 00:14:43,690 Once again, leading zeros can be removed. 197 00:14:43,990 --> 00:14:46,660 Notice the zero in front of this f has been removed. 198 00:14:47,840 --> 00:14:59,120 Si 401 has been converted to c601 because the seventh bit has been changed to a one to represent that 199 00:14:59,120 --> 00:15:01,310 this Mac address is globally unique. 200 00:15:01,670 --> 00:15:04,160 So notice a IP address. 201 00:15:05,320 --> 00:15:06,520 Is derived. 202 00:15:07,260 --> 00:15:13,140 From the Mac address by using the UI representation of the MAC address.