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Hello, the beautiful people.

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Now, one key thing that probably brought you to work with Linux is the idea of open source software.

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But what does that term really mean?

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Well, in this video, we're going to talk about the new project and what it actually means for software

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to be open source and the history of the whole open source movement.

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So let's go ahead and get into it.

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Okay.

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So the first thing that we probably need to understand is what Linux actually is.

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When we hear the word Linux, we probably think of a whole operating system that we use as being the

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Linux operating system.

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Now, surprisingly, this is actually not the case and Linux is actually just one of the pieces of the

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whole operating system, the kernel.

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So let me explain.

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On the 27th of September in 1983, a person called Richard Stallman announced that he was going to begin

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developing a operating system that was similar to the Unix operating system, but made of entirely free

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software.

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Now the operating system was called the new operating system, spelled G.

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New, which stands for GNU, is not UNIX, which they like to call a recursive acronym.

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Okay.

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Now, in in January 1984, Richard Stallman quit his job in the artificial intelligence lab at the Massachusetts

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Institute of Technology.

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So MIT to work on the new project full time in the aims of creating an operating system made of completely

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free software.

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Now, the term free software actually refers to several freedoms that the software gives the user rather

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than being free as in money.

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So when you hear the term free software, think free speech and not free lunch.

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Now these freedoms are the first.

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First one is the freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose.

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That's the first freedom.

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The second freedom is the freedom to study how the program works and change it so that it does the computing

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as you wish, which is what freedom one is.

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Okay, freedom one is that the program will do what you wish.

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And Freedom two is the freedom to study how the program works and to change it so that it does as you

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wish.

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Now, access to the source code for a program is a precondition for this.

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You can't study how a program works unless you can look at its code.

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So having access to the source code is a precondition for freedom.

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Number two The third freedom is the freedom to redistribute copies of the software so that you can,

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as they say, help your neighbor.

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And freedom number four is the freedom to distribute copies of your modified version of of your of the

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software.

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So if you modify it, you can redistribute that which links to freedom number three of helping other

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people.

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But by and apparently by doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes.

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And again, access to the source code is a precondition for this.

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So if you want to modify software and redistribute it, you need to have access to the source code in

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order to be able to change it.

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Now there's a license that legally provides a user of software with these freedoms, and it's known

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as the new public license or the GPL.

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Now there's several versions of the new public license or the GPL, but at the time of recording the

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GPL, version three is the most modern version.

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But in 1991, the new system was almost finished.

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But there was still one part missing from the new operating system, and it was an important part.

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This final piece is a major part of every operating system, and it's called the kernel.

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Now, the kernel is responsible for allocating the resources on the computers, hardware that is required

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by the software that it's running.

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So it's the interface layer between a computer's hardware and the applications that it's running.

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Okay.

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Now, at this time in 1991, a man called Linus Torvalds was completing his MSC thesis at the University

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of Helsinki in Finland.

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And as part of this work, Linus invented a Unix like kernel called Linux, and it was called Linux

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after his own name.

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But everything in the Unix world kind of ends in an x, so Linus ending in an x is Linux.

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And after being invited, after being invited by a fellow student to go see a talk by Richard Stallman,

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who was also a prominent activist at the time, Linus released the Linux kernel under the version two

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of the new public license or GPL, thereby making the Linux kernel free software.

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So thanks to the Linux kernel, the new operating system was complete and was a fully reasonable operating

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system made of entirely free software.

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With those four freedoms we talked to you about before and it began to gain popularity.

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And it's in fact the Linux kernel that is used today on on Android devices and even Chrome OS.

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So if you ever hear people say, oh, Android runs a Linux or Chrome OS runs Linux, what they mean

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is they use the Linux kernel to interface between the software layer and the hardware layer of your

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computer.

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But because the Linux kernel was the final piece, it kind of got a whole lot of attention and the rest

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of the work that went into the new operating system was kind of forgotten.

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But because what we run when we run a distribution like a Bun two or any other Linux distribution is

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actually the new operating system and the Linux kernel.

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It is recommended that in order to give the new project its credit, instead of just calling the whole

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thing Linux, we should call it.

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A new plus Linux.

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In fact, there is a command called the you name command that will actually tell you loads of information

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about your computer, such as what hardware it has and what operating system that it's running.

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So if you run the unknown command with the O option, it will tell you your operating system.

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So if we run that, we see that we can that we get GNU Linux as the operating system.

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So that's pretty cool, right?

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Okay.

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So with that history, understood.

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We now know pretty much all of the commands that we've used so far in the course, such as the RLS command

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and the fine command and so on, are all part of the new project.

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And to give the users the freedoms that free software provides, the source code needs to be available

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to read because access to the source code is a precondition for those freedoms, right?

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So in other words, the software must be open source.

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So the source code must be openly accessible.

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It's open source.

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So how can we have a look at the code that our computer runs?

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Well, it's actually all freely accessible on the new project's official website, going to dot org.

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So if I just open up a Firefox browser here and when that boots up we head over to SNHU dot org, we'll

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be able to see what I'm talking about.

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So here we are.

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Here's Firefox.

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Let's go to new dot org and press enter.

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There we go.

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So you can read all about the the philosophy behind the free software ideology in more detail.

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And you can see here, it's telling you to try the new Linux here.

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But if you head over to the software section, so if we click on software here and scroll down to a

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part that says all new packages, so here it says all new packages.

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And you can you can see here that there's every there's basically links to every bit of code that is

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run on a new system, including a free software version of the Linux kernel itself, which we can find

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under the Linux Libra package.

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Say we are Linux Libra.

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Okay.

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That's the that's the package.

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That's the full downloadable folder that contains all of the source code for the for the Linux kernel

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itself.

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So that's pretty awesome.

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Now for all the commands that you've run so far, such as the LS command grep find whatever it might

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be.

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Okay, you can find those under the core utils package that we are call utils.

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Okay.

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So that's where you can find the stuff in there in that call utils package.

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And in the next video we're going to download the core utils package, modify it and install a new version

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of the RLS command to our computer, which is going to be super, super exciting.

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But first, let's just take a quick recap of what we've learned in this video.

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So in this video, you learned about Richard Stallman beginning the development of the new operating

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system in 1983, and the idea was to create a Unix like operating system that was made of entirely free

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software.

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And you learn that when we say the words free software, we mean software that provides users with certain

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freedoms.

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So think of free speech rather than free lunch.

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Now the fourth, there are four freedoms that the free the free software gives the users.

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So it gives the users the ability to run programs as they wish for any purpose.

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It gives the users the ability to study how a program works and change it so it does the computing as

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they wish.

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And access to source code is a precondition for that.

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It gives the users the ability to freely, freely distribute any copies they get so that they can help

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out other people.

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And it also gives the users the ability to distribute modified versions of the software that they create

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to other people.

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So this allows the whole community to benefit from any changes that a user makes.

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And again, access to source code is a precondition for that as well.

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Now, these freedoms are legally provided to users using the new public license or the GPL and as as

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the time of recording the, the third version of the GPL.

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So GPL version three is the most modern version of the license and open access to the source code is

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a precondition for giving these freedoms.

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So and one of software has openly accessible source code, it is known as open source software.

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So you can say that free software is open source, but not all soft or not all open source software

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is free software.

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Because whilst people might let you see the source code, that doesn't mean they necessarily give you

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the freedoms required to modify and distribute it.

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They might just let you see the source code.

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Okay.

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But the free software does does require open source software.

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So it works one way, but not the other.

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And you've also learned that in 1991, the good new project was almost finished, but it had an important

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missing piece, which was the kernel.

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And the kernel is the part of the operating system that interfaces between the hardware and allocates

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resources from the hardware depending upon what software requires it.

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And in 1991, Linus Torvalds created his own version of a kernel and called it the Linux kernel and

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released it in 1991 under the new public license version two, thereby making it free software.

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So the Linux kernel was the final piece for the new operating system, and now the two tend to work

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together.

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So when you download a bunch to or when you download any other type of Linux distribution, what you're

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actually downloading is a version of the new plus Linux operating system.

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So henceforth we won't just call it Linux, we'll call it the GNU Linux operating system.

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Okay.

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So in the next video, now that we understand this, a little bit of a history lesson we understand

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about the freedoms and what open source software is all about.

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We're going to play with some source code.

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Okay?

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We're going to download and take a look at some of the source code for some core commands, modify their

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code and install that modified code on our computer and see how they behave differently.

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So this is going to be amazing and it's going to really allow you to see what open source free software

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is all about.

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So for all that, goodness, I'll see you in the next video.