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Hello, the beautiful people.

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Now, in the last video, you learned how to search the Linux manual for specific keywords, open up

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manual pages, and how to read them to learn how to use specific commands.

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But there was quite a lot of stuff in that video and a lot to take in.

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So in this video what we want to do is we want to give you some practice.

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So in this video, we're going to take a look at a completely new command that we haven't seen before.

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And we're going to learn how to use it.

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We're going to search the manual for it.

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We're going to learn how to use it.

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Using the synopsis in the manual page.

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We're going to read through its various options, and we're going to try some of them out and see how

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you can customize commands and stuff like that.

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And the idea is that this is going to show you how to independently search for stuff using the manual.

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We're going to put the whole process together.

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We're going to take everything we've learned, put it all together, and show you how you would learn

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about a new command from scratch.

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And the idea is you're going to have the independence to search for new stuff and learn how it works.

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And that's really where the value comes from.

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The manual, it's not having people randomly show you things that they find cool is being able to go

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out there and find stuff that you find cool and learn how to use it independently.

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And it's going to take your Linux abilities to a whole new level.

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So let's go ahead and jump into it and start learning about our brand new command.

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Okay.

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So what we're going to do is we're going to look at a command that will allow us to list out what is

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in a folder also known as a directory.

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Okay.

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So we want to command that will list out a directories contents.

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So now that we've know that, let's go ahead and search for what might be available.

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So the first step is to search for what might be available in the manual.

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And you might have to try this multiple times.

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You might not get the search terms available right away.

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You might have to try different words and different keywords, but let's try that.

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So let's try this type.

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The Man Command, give it the K option, and now we tell what we want to search for.

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Now I'm going to put in quotes list directory contents.

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Now the reason I put it in quotes is because I want to search for this search term in one go.

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I don't want to search for the word list, then the word directory, then the word contents.

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I want to search for list directory contents in one go.

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So once I do that, I press enter and here we go, we get some results.

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Now they all seem to pretty much do what we want, right?

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They all seem to say list directory contents.

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But the one that I'm specifically looking for, I've heard about it online is the LS command.

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Okay, now the RLS command is one that we will come onto as well in the later section of the course.

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But we can see that it's a user command because it's in the first section of the manual, so we could

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open it using.

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Man one LS But because it's in the first section, we don't have to have it.

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You can have the one, we can just type man L s and here we go.

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We're in the manual page for the LS command.

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So there we are now.

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Right at the top we can see that we're in the LS command.

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It's in the first section of the manual, which is apparently user commands and we can see that the

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name of the command is LS and it lists directory contents and that's from the name section.

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Now looking at the synopsis section, we can see that if you type LS, then you can have multiple optional

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options.

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We know they're optional because they're surrounded by square brackets and you can have multiple of

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them because they've got the the ellipsis after it.

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And then you can have multiple optional file names or paths to directories and can have multiple of

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those because we can see the dot, dot, dot.

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But the one thing that you might notice is because everything else is optional, right?

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The only thing you actually need to enter is the RLS command itself and it will work.

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So let's try that.

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Okay, let's try and see that we don't even have to give the command any input.

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So if we press lowercase Q to quit, we're back in our we're back in our terminal now.

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As I said, the only thing we need to do is enter the LS command itself.

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So if I just type ls and press enter.

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We said that it has indeed listed out all the contents of our home directory, which is the directory

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that we're currently in.

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So how cool.

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Now go back in the main page.

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Let's go back in the main page and we can see in here that there's a whole bunch of options that we

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can use.

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We can look down in the description section.

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Um, it says here that list information about the files, which is the current working directory by

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default sorts entries alphabetically.

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If none of these options or the sort option is is specified and mandatory arguments to long options

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are mandatory for short options as well.

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Okay, so that's fair enough.

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Now we've got loads of different options in here.

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Loads of them.

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Let me just scroll through.

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Loads of them guys.

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Okay.

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So memorizing all these, it's just not possible.

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Just don't even don't even try.

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You're not going to be able to do all that.

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And even if you did, there are thousands and thousands of Linux commands.

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So it's kind of a waste of time to do it all.

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This is why you need to know how to use a manual page effectively.

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There's a whole bunch of options.

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One that I might like to show you, which is a good one, is the L option.

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Now the of course, you can browse through these and have a look at what they do, but you've got the

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L option here, which stands for long listing format.

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So let's try.

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That sounds pretty cool.

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Let's see what that means.

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So if I type LS and give it the l option, I press enter.

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We now see that everything is kind of listed in a much more detailed fashion.

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This was the output before and this is the output now.

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So we've got much more detailed view of what's in our folder.

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Now.

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I'll explain what this means a bit later in the course, but for now I hope you can see that the process

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that you might follow for discovering a new command, we've searched for it.

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We're able to see manual pages.

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We browsed a few of the options and we tried them out as well as seeing how to actually use the command

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in the first place.

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Now let's have another look in.

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We can see that this is a bit it's a bit difficult to read.

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Perhaps if we look at the RLS command again and we scroll down, we can see that there's another option

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here called the H option, which stands for human readable.

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So you can see here we've got a short form option, dash h or a long form option dash dash, human readable.

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And this is how you can tell whether whether an option has a long form or not because it would be right

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next to it in the manual page.

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Remember when I said some options have long forms and some don't?

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This is how you can tell.

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And it says that with the L option and or the SE option, this will print human readable sizes of files.

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So for example, one kilobyte, 284 megabytes, two gigabytes, etc..

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Okay, so let's take a look at that here.

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This column, this column here is actually all the file sizes and it just says 4096 or 8980 or whatever

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it might be.

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But to make that human readable, you can type ls dash l and then give it the option as well and we'll

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see that.

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Now it's telling us it's four kilobytes, 8.8 kilobytes and so on and so on.

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But as well, because we have a long form option, we don't have to just type H, we might type H,

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but we could also type dash, dash human, uh, readable.

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I think it was like that.

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Look, let me check, uh, if I type.

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LS It's dash.

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Dash human.

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Human readable.

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I apologize.

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Human dash readable.

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And there we go.

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Now we've got exactly the same output that we had before, you see.

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So you can see here the way we've used a long form option, which means now we, it's a bit easier to

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read what.

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H Well what that means than it is to just see what H means.

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But it kind of makes the command a bit more difficult to type.

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So there's a bit of a trade off there, but you get the same output.

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So you can see just how useful reading the man pages actually is.

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And if we just go back into the RLS command, let me clear the screen, go back into the RLS command

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and scroll all the way down.

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You will see a section if we if we keep scrolling down the long manual page much longer than the which

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command.

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Right, you'll see a section that says that is called see also.

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So this section here that says see also it's got a hyperlink.

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And you can click on this hyperlink or any hyperlink that's in a manual page by holding the control

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key and left clicking.

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Now if we control in left click what that's going to do.

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If I if I clicked it right.

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We have to wait, I think.

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There we go.

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It's opening up.

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So I clicked it multiple times, but it's opened up in the Firefox browser, the link that was in there.

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So it's going to give you more information about the command as long as you have Internet access.

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So sometimes in manual pages, there are there are links that you can click on.

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So there's another one here.

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For example, another one here.

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You can if you hold the control key and click them, then they will open up in your browser and you'll

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be able to see what they're pointing at.

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So that's very, very useful and that's something you'll definitely want to do if you want more information.

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And there's a final note, although you can find pretty much information on pretty much all the commands

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that you'll ever need using the main pages, you can't quite get all of them.

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So some commands are defined directly in the shell and don't have man pages for them.

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So to find those commands, you will need to use the help command instead of the man command.

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Let me just show you what I mean.

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So for example, one of them is the CD command.

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Now the CD command is one you will use all the time.

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Actually, it's used to change a directory.

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You'll see this in the next section of the course.

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All about navigating the file system.

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But if I type man CD, you'll say there's no manual entry for the CD command.

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But if I type the help command and then do CD, we then get something that's very similar to a man page

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and we can see how to use it up here.

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We get a description, we get the options and so on.

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It's like, okay.

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So it works pretty much just the same as a manual page.

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It's just you have to use help instead now to find the commands that are that need the help command

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abuse.

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If you just type help and press enter, you get a big list and every single one of these in here is

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need needs, the needs, the help command to see it.

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So for example, here's CD the for example, p if we do p WD over here, if we do man P, that actually

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is a main page for it.

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But if for one of those commands it didn't come up with a man page, you would just type help pwt and

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it will give you basically the same basic like a very similar kind of output.

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So if man doesn't work and you know the command is correct, use the help command instead.

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And there's a lot of other things in here like for example, doing wild loops in the in the shell for

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loops and other things like that.

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So it's, it's quite, it's quite an advanced thing more about the shell rather than about the programs

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that are installed on your computer.

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So that's just something to bear in mind.

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Now, another thing that has actually come to my mind, um, when we're in the LZ command here, I'll

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notice this is, this works for pretty much all commands notice when we've got a long form.

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So for example, almost all or block size or ignore backups when you have a long form command like this,

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they tend to break up the words with a dash.

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So ignore dash backups, block dash size almost dash all or you know, down here full dash time group

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dash directories, no dash group human dash readable.

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So when you're making a long form option when if I wanted, you know, the, the the human readable

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one instead of going human readable like the mistake I made before because human is one word and readable

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is another word, it's going to be human dash readable and that gives us the output.

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So that's just something to bear in mind with regards to spelling and things like that.

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But the main thing to remember when you're reading these manual pages is each Linux command is designed

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to do one thing and do it extremely well.

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That's why you've got a the LZ command with so many different options.

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Anything that you can possibly imagine to do with listing things out of directories, the LZ command

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is going to be able to do it.

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So that's why the manual pages have a lot of information to really get the information out of that.

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Unfortunately, if you want to become a master of the LZ command or or, you know, even just start

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using any new command, there's going to be no shortcut to reading, unfortunately.

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I wish there was.

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You can skim read and sometimes they give you quick intros and quick starts to commands and things like

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that in the manual pages.

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But for all these options, if you want to learn it, you're going to have to read it.

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So there's no other way around that.

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So that's how you will go through and you'll learn about a new command.

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So let's do it really quick.

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In quick succession, we wanted to learn about a command that shows you how to list directory content.

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So we use man with the K option list directory contents.

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It came up with some possible page names, the sections they were in and the explanations the LS command

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core re.

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We noticed it was in the first section, so we just typed man ls.

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It gave us the manual page.

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We saw that yes.

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It lists directory contents.

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We see a quick description and we saw how to use it.

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You have to type the LS command.

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The options are optional.

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You can have multiple of those and the files are optional and you can have multiple of those.

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So we saw that actually you can just type the LS command and you get some output, but there were plenty

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of other options.

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There's loads of things in here.

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One thing that we liked was the idea that you could have a long form option.

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Okay, so the long form option, we found it.

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Where is it?

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It's down here.

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We found it under l use a long listing format so we had to look at that.

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We do ls l.

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We got that.

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We also saw that you can have long form options as well.

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Okay.

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One other thing is that you can see here there's a lowercase a and which gives you one option and an

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uppercase A, which gives you another option.

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And here you got a lowercase B gives you one option and an uppercase B gives you another option that's

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very common.

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So you need to make sure that when you are spelling things in Linux, you get the case correct.

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So for example ls dash l will give us that, but if I do ls dash capital l um.

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It didn't even do anything.

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But so you need to make sure that you get that stuff right.

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And just, just for curiosity, what is the capital?

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L So if there is a capital L option, um, yeah.

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D reference when following, when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for

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the file in the link, showing information for the file.

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The link reference is rather than for the link itself.

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So there you go.

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Um, okay.

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So you need to make sure that you get your cases correct.

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Things have to be spelled precisely.

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You need to have a very sharp eye and not make mistakes and make sure you're doing stuff right.

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Because the power of these commands are so, so powerful.

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They can do so many different things, but you just need to make sure that you enter them correctly.

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Okay.

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So there we go.

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That's a quick summary of this video.

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What we're going to do in the next video is we're going to actually be moving on from the manual.

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And what we're going to be showing you is how to how commands, take input and actually give output.

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Because one of the most powerful things that Linux commands let you do is to chain different commands

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together to make up super powerful command pipelines.

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Now, because each command.

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Is amazing at what it does when you can chain them together, chain these each of these separate commands

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that is amazing at what it does, but chain them together.

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You can create some incredibly powerful functionality with very little effort.

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Okay, so I'm going to show you how to do that.

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But first, we need to take a little bit of a look into how commands, take input and give output so

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you can actually start building together these components, command pipelines.

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You need to understand how they take input and give outputs.

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So for all that good stuff, I'm going to see you in the next video.