1 00:00:00,560 --> 00:00:01,700 Data encapsulation. 2 00:00:03,100 --> 00:00:07,420 Each layer in the pipes is built on the one below. 3 00:00:08,950 --> 00:00:15,730 So and each player is able to encapsulate the data from the layer a bore so it can move between the 4 00:00:15,730 --> 00:00:16,710 layers of. 5 00:00:18,170 --> 00:00:20,180 So, um. 6 00:00:21,370 --> 00:00:29,560 Data transmitted by each layer is called protocol data unit, as you can see here in this here, bidirectional 7 00:00:29,770 --> 00:00:32,310 directional direction and not data show. 8 00:00:33,130 --> 00:00:36,730 So we have heaters, futures and addresses. 9 00:00:37,030 --> 00:00:44,200 So TPD or protocol data unit in each layer contains the payload data that is being transmitted. 10 00:00:45,190 --> 00:00:49,210 So it's common prefix heder, which contains. 11 00:00:50,420 --> 00:00:55,260 And as you can see here, eternity, the IP, that is he. 12 00:00:57,690 --> 00:00:58,950 DCP, they're here. 13 00:00:59,580 --> 00:01:07,740 And for the pain, this heder contains information required for the payload data to be transmitted, 14 00:01:08,130 --> 00:01:14,010 such as the addresses of the source and this nation nodes on the network, your source address, destination 15 00:01:14,010 --> 00:01:18,060 address or so there's this notion that there's source this destination port. 16 00:01:23,530 --> 00:01:24,550 So actually. 17 00:01:26,630 --> 00:01:34,910 Sometimes a Purdue also has a future, and that is just like a sister to the payload data and contents 18 00:01:34,910 --> 00:01:39,890 values needed to ensure correct transmission, such as error checking information. 19 00:01:41,150 --> 00:01:41,660 So. 20 00:01:43,020 --> 00:01:47,400 And this figure here, as you can see here, shows the UM. 21 00:01:49,600 --> 00:01:54,210 PED use are laid out in the pipes. 22 00:01:55,460 --> 00:01:56,900 So as you can see here. 23 00:01:58,270 --> 00:02:06,120 Now, the TCP, he contains a source and this nation port number here, source port destination port, 24 00:02:06,130 --> 00:02:08,530 as you can see here, source port in this nation port. 25 00:02:08,890 --> 00:02:17,050 So these ports are a single lot that have multiple unique network connections, so a port numbers intercept 26 00:02:17,140 --> 00:02:17,440 here. 27 00:02:17,680 --> 00:02:19,480 Let's let me mention here. 28 00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:20,570 Um? 29 00:02:23,070 --> 00:02:24,470 So this means deep here. 30 00:02:24,670 --> 00:02:33,180 Uh, port numbers, um, near the port numbers in TCP. 31 00:02:34,690 --> 00:02:37,870 These port numbers, actually. 32 00:02:41,790 --> 00:02:51,900 Port numbers, numbers in TCP or UDP starts star. 33 00:02:52,590 --> 00:02:55,100 It's, uh, star. 34 00:02:55,950 --> 00:03:04,410 It's from zero, uh, two six six two five thousand five hundred thirty five. 35 00:03:07,610 --> 00:03:07,910 Yes. 36 00:03:09,490 --> 00:03:18,010 So most port numbers are assigned up to as needed into a new connections, but some numbers have been 37 00:03:18,010 --> 00:03:21,160 given special assignments. 38 00:03:21,170 --> 00:03:24,610 So for example, um, port. 39 00:03:27,330 --> 00:03:28,970 Port, No. 40 00:03:29,710 --> 00:03:30,370 No. 41 00:03:30,900 --> 00:03:35,640 80 is for A.P. Protocol. 42 00:03:37,410 --> 00:03:43,890 And 2021 for FTP protocol and and of. 43 00:03:47,070 --> 00:03:47,940 And more. 44 00:03:51,320 --> 00:03:59,060 So you can find the currently is a sign for numbers in the ATC services file on the most unique slice 45 00:03:59,060 --> 00:03:59,870 operating system. 46 00:04:00,170 --> 00:04:03,760 So a TCP payload A. There are UM. 47 00:04:06,070 --> 00:04:13,780 Commonly called a segment which when I was a UDP pilot and Hayder are commonly called data around, 48 00:04:14,410 --> 00:04:23,050 so the IP protocol uses a source and this nation address here, as you can see here, IP port source 49 00:04:23,050 --> 00:04:25,390 address and destination address. 50 00:04:26,200 --> 00:04:33,340 So this nation address allows the data to be sent to a specific note on the network at the source address 51 00:04:33,340 --> 00:04:39,160 along the receiver of the data to know which not since the data and the laws. 52 00:04:39,160 --> 00:04:42,670 The receiver to Ripley that they reply to the sender. 53 00:04:43,030 --> 00:04:46,600 So IPv4 uses 32 bit addresses here. 54 00:04:46,900 --> 00:04:49,150 Let's mention this also here. 55 00:04:50,020 --> 00:04:50,500 Uh. 56 00:04:52,600 --> 00:04:55,030 Actually, yes, IPV. 57 00:04:56,390 --> 00:04:58,140 IP version four, Oops. 58 00:05:04,440 --> 00:05:05,130 IP. 59 00:05:06,390 --> 00:05:12,900 IP version four uses 64 actually not six words, 32 bit. 60 00:05:14,550 --> 00:05:16,560 32Bit addresses. 61 00:05:19,200 --> 00:05:19,800 So. 62 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:25,490 Which you will typically see it and the number separated by dust. 63 00:05:25,940 --> 00:05:33,230 For example, here one thousand one hundred thirty two, one hundred sixty eight with zero point one. 64 00:05:33,710 --> 00:05:43,880 So these are the 32 bit addresses so um and separated by dots, as you can see here, but IP, for example. 65 00:05:44,270 --> 00:05:45,980 But IPv4 here. 66 00:05:47,070 --> 00:05:48,960 It's good to mention the troops here. 67 00:05:49,170 --> 00:05:54,030 It's useful IPV I've seen excellent Typekit for IP. 68 00:05:54,060 --> 00:06:03,030 IP version six IP 06 users actually want one hundred, uh, twenty eight bit addresses. 69 00:06:03,540 --> 00:06:04,320 One hundred. 70 00:06:11,000 --> 00:06:16,670 128 of 128 bit at recess. 71 00:06:18,720 --> 00:06:27,030 So because 32 bit other sins are insufficient for the number of nodes on a modern network. 72 00:06:28,100 --> 00:06:39,230 So, for example, for example, here, for example, if you're 80, zero zero zero zero zero zero, 73 00:06:39,680 --> 00:06:48,470 for example, and like that, so IPV six addresses are usually written as hexadecimal numbers separated 74 00:06:48,470 --> 00:06:54,900 by dots such as this by common sexual thoughts. 75 00:06:54,950 --> 00:07:00,260 As you can see here, IPV six is separated by colors, but IPv4 is separated by dots. 76 00:07:01,220 --> 00:07:07,640 So that is here of what data rights with hexadecimal numbers. 77 00:07:07,640 --> 00:07:14,130 For example, in a b, it might, uh, ninety and one two. 78 00:07:14,540 --> 00:07:15,380 He had elected. 79 00:07:16,570 --> 00:07:17,530 Uh, so. 80 00:07:22,020 --> 00:07:28,260 Long stints of two zero, four times zero numbers are collapsed into two columns. 81 00:07:28,650 --> 00:07:36,090 For example, these uh, here these four four zero can be written like just stats. 82 00:07:36,090 --> 00:07:46,110 So this is the same as previously, so they tended also contains a source and the destination addresses, 83 00:07:46,860 --> 00:07:48,450 for example, here. 84 00:07:49,610 --> 00:07:54,740 Source and destination addresses in eternity, air source and destination analysis. 85 00:07:56,140 --> 00:08:03,550 So, uh, so this eternity uses 64 bit value called media access control here. 86 00:08:04,760 --> 00:08:06,110 A term that uses. 87 00:08:07,840 --> 00:08:13,540 Internet users, 64 bit, actually, it's 64 bit, right, yes. 88 00:08:13,870 --> 00:08:16,000 64 bit Mac. 89 00:08:17,060 --> 00:08:20,930 Addresses addresses which called. 90 00:08:23,410 --> 00:08:29,380 And we, um, other sis called Mac, what is Mac mean? 91 00:08:29,960 --> 00:08:34,720 Uh, this Mac man is media access control, media access. 92 00:08:36,440 --> 00:08:36,980 Control. 93 00:08:38,630 --> 00:08:44,150 So, which is typically set during manufacture of the Ethernet adapter, you will usually see Mac addresses 94 00:08:44,150 --> 00:08:49,280 for it in a serious, serious of hexadecimal numbers, for example. 95 00:08:49,760 --> 00:08:52,830 Um, actually like that here. 96 00:08:54,360 --> 00:09:06,800 Zero a uh, for example, the zero zero, 27, uh, 90 90, uh, a b or f zero like that. 97 00:09:07,610 --> 00:09:13,940 So the Ethernet payload, a payload, including the heater and footer, is commonly referred to as frame 98 00:09:15,350 --> 00:09:16,640 here, as you can see here. 99 00:09:20,680 --> 00:09:21,010 Yes. 100 00:09:22,030 --> 00:09:27,010 And you can see here we what did, and I created an illustration here.