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‫IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force IETF, I'm sure you looked it up to deal with

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‫the long anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion.

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‫So IPV six is intended to replace IPv4.

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‫IPV six became a draft standard in December 1998 and became an internet standard on the 14th of July

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‫2017.

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‫So instead of 32 bit addressing of IPv4, which provides approximately four point three billion addresses,

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‫IPv6 uses a 128 bit address.

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‫So that theoretically gives us to do the power of 128 or approximately 3.4 times 10 to the 38th addresses.

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‫Big Number.

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‫You can check my math later, but stick with me for now.

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‫I mean, the actual number is slightly smaller, is multiple ranges are reserved for special use or

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‫they're just completely excluded from use.

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‫But with a rough calculation, the total number of possible IPv6 addresses is more than seven point

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‫nine times 10 to the power of 28 times as many as IPv4.

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‫The two protocols, IPv4 and IPv6 are not designed to be interoperable.

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‫Complicating the transition to IPv6, however, several IPv6 transition mechanisms have been devised

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‫to permit communication between IPv4 and IPv6 hosts.

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‫In addition to offering more addresses, IPv6 also implements features not present in IPv4.

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‫Simplified header.

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‫IPV six, his header has been simplified by moving all unnecessary information and options, which are

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‫present in the IPv4 header to the end of the IPv6 header.

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‫The IPv6 header is only twice as big as an IPv4 header because that IPv6 address is four times longer.

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‫End to end connectivity.

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‫Every system now has a unique IP address and can traverse through the internet without using NAT or

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‫other translating components.

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‫After IPv6 is fully implemented, every host can directly reach other hosts on the internet with well

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‫with some limitations involved, like a firewall organization, policies and stuff like that.

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‫Auto configuration.

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‫IPv6 supports both stateful and state stateless auto configuration mode of its host devices.

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‫This way, the absence of a DHCP server does not put a halt on Inter segment communication.

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‫Faster forwarding and routing.

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‫A simplified header put all unnecessary information at the end of the header like we saw earlier, the

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‫information contained in the first part of the header is adequate for a router to make its routing decisions,

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‫thus making them as quickly as looking at the mandatory header.

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‫IP SEC.

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‫Initially, it was decided that IPv6 must have IP SEC making it more secure than IPv4.

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‫This feature has now been made optional.

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‫IP SEC Internet Protocol Security is a framework of open standards for helping to ensure private, secure

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‫communications over internet protocol networks, IP networks through the use of cryptographic security

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‫services.

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‫IP SEC is an end to end security scheme operating in the network layer, while some other internet security

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‫systems in widespread use TLC and S.H. operate in the upper layers.

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‫IP can automatically secure applications at the IP layer.

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‫No broadcast.

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‫Though Ethernet and Token Ring are considered a broadcast network because they support broadcasting,

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‫IPv6 does not have broadcast support anymore.

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‫It uses Multicast to communicate with multiple hosts.

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‫Mobility IPv6 was designed keeping mobility in mind.

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‫This feature enables hosts such as a mobile phone to roam around in different geographical areas and

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‫remain connected with the same IP address.

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‫The mobility feature of IPv6 takes advantage of auto IP configuration and extension headers.

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‫Extensibility.

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‫One of the major advantages of the IPv6 header is that it is extensible, adding more information and

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‫the option part.

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‫IPv4 provides only 40 bytes for options, whereas options and IPv6 can be as much as the size of the

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‫IPv6 packet itself.

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‫What is the IPv6 packet you ask?

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‫You came to the right place.

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‫And IPv6 packet is the smallest message entity exchanged via the internet protocol across an IPv6 network.

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‫But stay with me here.

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‫The packets consist of control information for addressing and routing and a payload consisting of user

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‫data.

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‫The control information in IPV six packets is subdivided.

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‫You know, mandatory fixed header and optional extension headers.

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‫The fixed header starts an IPv6 packet and as a size of 40 octet, which means 320 bits.

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‫Its format is shown in the slide.

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‫Version is constant six, payload length is the size of the payload in bytes, including any extension

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‫headers, hop limit replaces the time to live field in the IPv4.

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‫Well, I think source address and destination address fields are fairly obvious.

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‫Extension headers carry optional internet layer information and are placed between the fixed header

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‫and the upper layer protocol header.

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‫128 bit IPv6 addresses are written using Hexadecimal as opposed to dotted decimal back in IPv4.

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‫Because a hexadecimal number uses four bit, this means that an IPv6 address consists of 32 hexadecimal

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‫numbers.

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‫These numbers are grouped in fours giving eight groups or blocks.

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‫The groups are written with a colon as a separator.

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‫And IPv6 address example is shown in this line.

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‫So because of the length of the IPv6 addresses, various shortening techniques are employed, the main

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‫technique being to omit repetitive zeros, as shown in the example.

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‫So as I mentioned before, in IPv4, an address is split into two components, right?

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‫Networking ID and a host I.D..

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‫This was done initially using address classes and then later using subnet masking.

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‫In the unit cast addressing of IPv6, it's done in the same way.

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‫The first step is to split the address into two parts.

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‫Addresses split into two 64 bit segments.

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‫The top 64 bits is a network I.D. and the lower 64 bit is the host I.D..

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‫The most significant 64 bits are used for routing and the least significant 64 bits identify the address

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‫of the interface or host.

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‫This block is derived from the actual physical or Mac address in practice.

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‫So if we look at the most significant 64 bits in more detail, we can see that it's split into two blocks

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‫of 48 and 16 bits.

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‫Now, the least significant 16 bits are used for subnets on internal networks and are controlled by

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‫a network administrator.

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‫The most significant 48 beds are used for the global network addresses and are used for routing over

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‫the internet.